(Middle East region)
Introduction Trigonella foenum-graecum L. is an erect annual herb of the family Fabaceae, native to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Irano-Turanian floristic region, and one of the oldest documented cultivated plants in the world, with archaeobotanical records extending to the…
Introduction Ficus carica L., the common fig, is a deciduous tree or large multistemmed shrub in the family Moraceae, native to southwestern Asia and the eastern and central Mediterranean basin. It is among the oldest domesticated fruit trees in human…
Introduction Daucus carota, commonly known as carrot, is a root vegetable in the Apiaceae family distinguished by its enlarged taproot rich in carotenoids, particularly beta-carotene. Native to Europe and southwestern Asia, the species exhibits substantial phenotypic variation between its wild…
Introduction Pisum sativum, commonly known as the garden pea plant, is one of the world’s most historically significant pulse crops and a major member of the Fabaceae (legume) family. Its defining biological trait is symbiotic nitrogen fixation, a process in…
Introduction Spinacia oleracea, commonly known as spinach, is one of the world’s most economically important leafy vegetables, valued for its rapid biomass production and exceptionally high nutritional density. It belongs to the family Amaranthaceae and is cultivated primarily for its…
Introduction Bellis perennis, commonly known as the daisy plant, is one of the most recognisable flowering herbs in the family Asteraceae. Native to western, central, and northern Europe, it has become naturalised throughout many temperate regions of the world. Its…
Introduction Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. is a stemless or very short-stemmed succulent perennial belonging to the family Asphodelaceae, native to the Arabian Peninsula and now cultivated and naturalised across tropical, subtropical, and warm-temperate regions worldwide. The species is distinguished by…