Trees are large, perennial woody plants with a single main trunk and a well-defined crown. They play a significant role in terrestrial ecosystems and long-term landscape structure.
Introduction Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa, commonly known as bael, is a deciduous tree in the Rutaceae (citrus) family native to the Indian subcontinent and adjoining regions of South and Southeast Asia. It is distinguished by its exceptionally hard-shelled fruit, which…
Introduction Aquilaria malaccensis, commonly known as agarwood, is an evergreen tropical tree of the family Thymelaeaceae and one of the world’s most economically important sources of fragrant resinous wood. Native to South and Southeast Asia, its natural distribution extends through…
Introduction Mahua (Madhuca longifolia) is a long-lived multipurpose tree of the family Sapotaceae, renowned for its abundant, nectar-rich flowers and oil-rich seeds that support food systems, traditional industries, and rural economies. Native to the Indian subcontinent, extending from Nepal, India,…
Introduction Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.), commonly known as carambola or kamrakh, is a tropical fruit tree in the family Oxalidaceae distinguished by its uniquely ridged fruit, which forms a characteristic star shape when sliced transversely. Native to tropical Southeast…
Introduction The cocoa plant (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of the world’s most economically important tropical tree species because its seeds form the basis of the global chocolate industry. A member of the Malvaceae family, it is native to tropical…
Introduction Cinnamomum tamala, commonly known as Indian Bay Leaf, is an aromatic evergreen tree in the Lauraceae. Native to the Himalayan region and adjoining parts of South and Southeast Asia, it is distinguished commercially by its highly fragrant leaves, which…
Introduction The teak tree (Tectona grandis) is among the most commercially important tropical timber species in the world, renowned for producing exceptionally durable hardwood that combines dimensional stability with natural resistance to decay. Belonging to the family Lamiaceae, the species…
Introduction Litchi chinensis (litchi or lychee) is one of the most economically important fruit trees within the Sapindaceae. Native to southern China and adjacent regions of northern Vietnam and Laos, the species is distinguished by its edible translucent aril, a…
Introduction Santalum album, widely known as sandalwood, is among the most commercially valued aromatic tree species because its heartwood and essential oil produce a distinctive, long-lasting fragrance of exceptional global demand. Belonging to the family Santalaceae, this small evergreen hemi-parasitic…
Introduction Persea americana, the avocado, is among the world’s most commercially important subtropical fruit trees because of its nutrient-dense, oil-rich fruit and exceptionally broad international trade footprint. Belonging to the Lauraceae family, the same lineage as cinnamon and bay laurel,…